As part of the Operational Action Plan against "migrant smuggling" (2024-2025), law enforcement agencies of EU Member States and EU Agencies including Frontex and Europol designed a list of operational actions including "the use of special investigative techniques and sometimes specific equipment" during deployment operations on the ground.
According to Eurojust, special investigative measures include techniques for gathering information systematically in such a way as not to allow the target person to know of them, such as "controlled deliveries, cross-border surveillance, cross-border hot pursuit, interception of telecommunications, secret search of a computer system, surveillance and undercover operations".