Digital Borders Exposed | Index

Digital Borders Exposed

Visualizing surveillance in EU migration policies

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At European Level

In EU countries

Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Luxembourg The Netherlands Sweden

Outside of the EU

Afghanistan Algeria American Samoa Barbados Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cuba Djibouti Dominica Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Jamaica Kenya Lebanon Lesotho Libya Madagascar Mali Senegal South Africa South Sudan Syria Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda Venezuela Vietnam Yemen zambia Zimbabwe

Assistance in decision-making

Identification and registration

Prediction

Tracking, monitoring and control

Algorithms

Automated language recognition Algorithmic profiling Automated data exchange Automated Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)

Biometrics

Biometric facial recognition Biometric fingerprint recognition Biometric hand recognition Biometric iris recognition Biometric vein pattern recognition Biometric voice recognition Multi-biometric system

Data Processing

Database International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) catchers Mobile phone data extraction Social media monitoring Spyware Data exchange Open source intelligence (OSINT)

Sensor Technologies (cameras, radars, satellites, drones)

Drones Electronic monitoring via ankle tags Electronic monitoring via non-fitted devices Thermal imaging and night vision cameras Closed-circuit television (CCTV) Satellite surveillance Radars

Agencies

European Border and Coast Guard (Frontex) Regulation Europol Regulation

Asylum/International protection

Screening Regulation Asylum Procedure Regulation (APR) Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (RAMM) Crisis Regulation Eurodac Regulation Regulation Reception Conditions Directive

Border control (including IT systems, databases)

Schengen Borders Code Visa Information System (VIS) Regulation European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) Regulation Entry/Exit System (EES) Regulation Schengen Information System (SIS) Regulation

Counter smuggling

Facilitation Directive Europol Regulation

Deportation

Return Border Procedure Regulation Return Regulation

Other (digital, international agreements)

Artificial Intelligence Act Interoperability Regulation Bilateral agreements & arrangements EU agreements with third countries EU Funding Instruments Other laws and instrument Illegal/No legal basis identified

Pact on Migration and Asylum

Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (RAMM) Asylum Procedure Regulation (APR) Eurodac Regulation Reception Conditions Directive Return Regulation Screening Regulation Return Border Procedure Regulation Crisis Regulation

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Examples

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Sources

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Copyrights

Credits

Creative design and programmation: Iyo Bisseck (Dreaming Beyond AI)

Content by Protect Not Surveil coalition members: Caterina Rodelli (Access Now), Chloé Berthelemy (EDRi), Assoc. Prof. Derya Ozkul (University of Warwick), Judith Membrives, (Lafede - Global Justice), Pauline Fritz (Border Violence Monitoring Network), Silvia Carta (PICUM)

Acknowledgments: This tool was developed with the feedback and contributions of: Adla Shashati (Greek Forum of Migrants); Brirmi jihed (M/V Louise Michel); Cheikh Diop (Top Manta Madrid); Eva Ehoke (Equinox Initiative for Racial Justice); Leila Belhadj Mohamed, independent journalist; Maria Pawliszewska (Sea-Watch e.V.); Niovi Vavoula (University of Luxembourg); Selam Tesfai

Funding

This project was made possible with support from University of Warwick Policy Support Fund 2025/26.

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This is a project developed by the ProtectNotSurveil coalition.

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